Charles Lyell Contribution To Evolution

British geologist

Sir Charles Lyell Bt FRS
Portrait of Lyell by George J. Stodart
Born	(1797-11-14)14 November 1797 Kinnordy House, Angus, Scotland
Died	22 February 1875(1875-02-22) (aged 77) Harley Street, London, England
Alma mater	Exeter College, Oxford
Known for	Uniformitarianism
Spouse	Mary Horner Lyell
Awards	Royal Medal (1834) Copley Medal (1858) Wollaston Medal (1866)
Scientific career
Fields	Geology
Institutions	Rex's Higher London
Influences	James Hutton; John Playfair; Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; William Buckland
Influenced	Charles Darwin Alfred Russel Wallace Thomas Henry Huxley Roderick Impey Murchison Joseph Dalton Hooker

Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, FRS (fourteen November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of known natural causes in explaining the world's history. He is best known every bit the author of Principles of Geology (1830–33), which presented to a wide public audience the thought that the world was shaped past the same natural processes still in operation today, operating at like intensities. The philosopher William Whewell termed this gradualistic view "uniformitarianism" and contrasted it with catastrophism, which had been championed by Georges Cuvier and was better accepted in Europe.^[1] The combination of evidence and eloquence in Principles convinced a wide range of readers of the significance of "deep time" for understanding the globe and environs.^[two]

Lyell's scientific contributions included a pioneering explanation of climate change, in which shifting boundaries between oceans and continents could be used to explain long-term variations in temperature and rainfall. Lyell as well gave influential explanations of earthquakes and developed the theory of gradual "backed up-building" of volcanoes. In stratigraphy his division of the Tertiary period into the Pliocene, Miocene, and Eocene was highly influential. He incorrectly conjectured that icebergs may exist the impetus backside the transport of glacial erratics, and that silty loess deposits might accept settled out of flood waters. His creation of a separate menstruation for human being history, entitled the 'Recent', is widely cited equally providing the foundations for the modern discussion of the Anthropocene.^[iii]

Building on the innovative work of James Hutton and his follower John Playfair, Lyell favoured an indefinitely long age for the world, despite evidence suggesting an old merely finite historic period.^[four] He was a close friend of Charles Darwin, and contributed significantly to Darwin's thinking on the processes involved in evolution. Every bit Darwin wrote in On the Origin of Species, "He who can read Sir Charles Lyell's grand work on the Principles of Geology, which the hereafter historian will recognise as having produced a revolution in natural science, nonetheless does not admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time, may at once shut this volume."^[5] Lyell helped to arrange the simultaneous publication in 1858 of papers by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace on natural choice, despite his personal religious qualms almost the theory. He later published evidence from geology of the time homo had existed on the earth.

Biography [edit]

Lyell was born into a wealthy family, on 14 November 1797, at the family'due south estate firm, Kinnordy House, near Kirriemuir in Forfarshire. He was the eldest of ten children. Lyell'south father, also named Charles Lyell, was noted as a translator and scholar of Dante. An accomplished botanist, it was he who first exposed his son to the report of nature. Lyell's grandfather, too Charles Lyell, had made the family fortune supplying the Royal Navy at Montrose, enabling him to buy Kinnordy House.

The main geographical
divisions of Scotland

The family seat is located in Strathmore, nigh the Highland Boundary Fault. Round the house, in the strath, is good farmland, simply within a short distance to the north-due west, on the other side of the fault, are the Grampian Mountains in the Highlands. His family unit's 2nd state home was in a completely different geological and ecological area: he spent much of his childhood at Bartley Guild in the New Forest, in Hampshire in southern England.

Lyell entered Exeter College, Oxford, in 1816, and attended William Buckland's geological lectures. He graduated with a BA Hons. second form degree in classics, in December 1819, and gained his Grand.A. 1821.^{[6] [7]} After graduation he took up law as a profession, entering Lincoln'south Inn in 1820. He completed a circuit through rural England, where he could observe geological phenomena. In 1821 he attended Robert Jameson's lectures in Edinburgh, and visited Gideon Mantell at Lewes, in Sussex. In 1823 he was elected joint secretary of the Geological Guild. Equally his eyesight began to deteriorate, he turned to geology every bit a total-time profession.^[7] His first newspaper, "On a recent germination of freshwater limestone in Forfarshire", was presented in 1826.^[7] By 1827, he had abased constabulary and embarked on a geological career that would result in fame and the full general credence of uniformitarianism, a working out of the ideas proposed by James Hutton a few decades before.

In 1832, Lyell married Mary Horner in Bonn, daughter of Leonard Horner (1785–1864), besides associated with the Geological Social club of London. The new couple spent their honeymoon in Switzerland and Italy on a geological tour of the expanse.^[8]

During the 1840s, Lyell travelled to the United States and Canada, and wrote two popular travel-and-geology books: Travels in N America (1845) and A Second Visit to the United states of america (1849). In 1866, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Later the Dandy Chicago Fire in 1871, Lyell was i of the first to donate books to assist found the Chicago Public Library.

In 1841, Lyell was elected as a fellow member to the American Philosophical Guild.^[9]

Lyell's wife died in 1873, and two years subsequently (in 1875) Lyell himself died as he was revising the twelfth edition of Principles.^{[8] [ten]} He is buried in Westminster Abbey where there is a bust to him past William Theed in the northward aisle.^[11]

Lyell was knighted (Kt) in 1848,^[12] and later on, in 1864, made a baronet (Bt),^[13] which is an hereditary honour. He was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Guild in 1858 and the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society in 1866. Mount Lyell, the highest peak in Yosemite National Park, is named after him; the crater Lyell on the Moon and a crater on Mars were named in his honour; Mount Lyell in western Tasmania, Australia, located in a profitable mining expanse, bears Lyell's name; and the Lyell Range in north-w Western Australia is named after him also. In Southwest Nelson in the South Island of New Zealand, the Lyell Range, Lyell River and the golden mining town of Lyell (now only a camping site) were all named after Lyell.^[xiv] The jawless fish Cephalaspis lyelli, from the Old Cerise Sandstone of southern Scotland, was named by Louis Agassiz in honour of Lyell.^[15]

Career and major writings [edit]

Lyell had private ways, and earned farther income as an author. He came from a prosperous family, worked briefly as a lawyer in the 1820s, and held the post of Professor of Geology at Male monarch's College London in the 1830s. From 1830 onward his books provided both income and fame. Each of his iii major books was a work continually in progress. All 3 went through multiple editions during his lifetime, although many of his friends (such as Darwin) thought the commencement edition of the Principles was the best written.^{[xvi] [17]} Lyell used each edition to comprise additional fabric, rearrange existing material, and revisit old conclusions in light of new evidence.

Lyell between 1865 and 1870

Throughout his life, Lyell kept a remarkable serial of nearly iii hundred manuscript notebooks and diaries. These were essential to the development of his ideas, and provide a unique record of his travels, conversations, correspondence, reading and field observations.

Principles of Geology, Lyell's first book, was also his well-nigh famous, most influential, and most important. First published in three volumes in 1830–33, it established Lyell's credentials as an important geological theorist and propounded the doctrine of uniformitarianism.^[18] Information technology was a work of synthesis, backed by his ain personal observations on his travels.

The central argument in Principles was that the present is the key to the past – a concept of the Scottish Enlightenment which David Hume had stated as "all inferences from feel suppose ... that the future volition resemble the by", and James Hutton had described when he wrote in 1788 that "from what has actually been, nosotros have information for concluding with regard to that which is to happen thereafter."^[nineteen] Geological remains from the afar by can, and should, be explained by reference to geological processes now in operation and thus direct observable. Lyell'south interpretation of geological modify equally the steady accumulation of minute changes over enormously long spans of time was a powerful influence on the immature Charles Darwin. Lyell asked Robert FitzRoy, captain of HMS Beagle, to search for erratic boulders on the survey voyage of the Beagle, and just before it set out FitzRoy gave Darwin Volume 1 of the first edition of Lyell's Principles. When the Beagle fabricated its first stop ashore at St Jago in the Cape verde islands, Darwin institute rock formations which seen "through Lyell'southward eyes" gave him a revolutionary insight into the geological history of the island, an insight he applied throughout his travels.

While in South America Darwin received Book two which considered the ideas of Lamarck in some detail. Lyell rejected Lamarck's idea of organic evolution, proposing instead "Centres of Creation" to explicate diversity and territory of species. Yet, as discussed below, many of his letters show he was fairly open up to the idea of evolution.^[20] In geology Darwin was very much Lyell's disciple, and brought dorsum observations and his own original theorising, including ideas virtually the formation of atolls, which supported Lyell's uniformitarianism. On the return of the Beagle (October 1836) Lyell invited Darwin to dinner and from then on they were close friends. Although Darwin discussed evolutionary ideas with him from 1842, Lyell continued to reject evolution in each of the first nine editions of the Principles. He encouraged Darwin to publish, and following the 1859 publication of On the Origin of Species, Lyell finally offered a tepid endorsement of evolution in the tenth edition of Principles.

The frontispiece from Elements of Geology

Elements of Geology began as the fourth book of the 3rd edition of Principles: Lyell intended the volume to human activity as a suitable field guide for students of geology.^[6] The systematic, factual description of geological formations of unlike ages contained in Principles grew so unwieldy, however, that Lyell split up it off as the Elements in 1838. The volume went through vi editions, somewhen growing to two volumes and ceasing to be the cheap, portable handbook that Lyell had originally envisioned. Late in his career, therefore, Lyell produced a condensed version titled Student's Elements of Geology that fulfilled the original purpose.

Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man brought together Lyell'southward views on iii key themes from the geology of the Quaternary Period of earth history: glaciers, development, and the age of the man race. Commencement published in 1863, it went through three editions that year, with a fourth and terminal edition appearing in 1873. The book was widely regarded equally a disappointment because of Lyell'due south equivocal treatment of evolution. Lyell, a highly religious man with a strong belief in the special status of human reason, had great difficulty reconciling his beliefs with natural selection.^[21]

Scientific contributions [edit]

Lyell'due south geological interests ranged from volcanoes and geological dynamics through stratigraphy, palaeontology, and glaciology to topics that would at present be classified equally prehistoric archæology and paleoanthropology. He is best known, however, for his role in elaborating the doctrine of uniformitarianism. He played a critical part in advancing the written report of loess.^[22]

Uniformitarianism [edit]

From 1830 to 1833 his multi-book Principles of Geology was published. The work'southward subtitle was "An attempt to explain the one-time changes of the globe'south surface by reference to causes now in operation", and this explains Lyell'due south bear on on science. He drew his explanations from field studies conducted straight earlier he went to piece of work on the founding geology text.^[7] He was, along with the earlier John Playfair, the major abet of James Hutton'southward thought of uniformitarianism, that the earth was shaped entirely by irksome-moving forces notwithstanding in functioning today, acting over a very long catamenia of time. This was in contrast to catastrophism, an idea of sharp geological changes, which had been adjusted in England to explain landscape features—such as rivers much smaller than their associated valleys—that seemed impossible to explain other than through violent action. Criticizing the reliance of his contemporaries on what he argued were advertizing hoc explanations, Lyell wrote,

Never was there a doctrine more than calculated to foster indolence, and to edgeless the keen edge of curiosity, than this supposition of the discordance between the old and the existing causes of alter... The educatee was taught to despond from the first. Geology, it was affirmed, could never arise to the rank of an exact science... [With catastrophism] we see the ancient spirit of speculation revived, and a want plain shown to cut, rather than patiently untie, the Gordian Knot.-Sir Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology, 1854 edition, p. 196; quoted past Stephen Jay Gould.^[23]

Lyell saw himself every bit "the spiritual saviour of geology, freeing the science from the one-time dispensation of Moses."^[24] The two terms, uniformitarianism and catastrophism, were both coined by William Whewell;^[25] in 1866 R. Grove suggested the simpler term continuity for Lyell's view, only the former terms persisted. In diverse revised editions (12 in all, through 1872), Principles of Geology was the most influential geological work in the middle of the 19th century, and did much to put geology on a modernistic basis.

Geological surveys [edit]

Lyell noted the "economical advantages" that geological surveys could provide, citing their felicity in mineral-rich countries and provinces. Modern surveys, like the British Geological Survey (founded in 1835), and the Usa Geological Survey (founded in 1879), map and exhibit the natural resources inside their countries. Over fourth dimension, these surveys take been used extensively past modernistic extractive industries, such as nuclear, coal and oil.

Volcanoes and geological dynamics [edit]

Lyell argued that volcanoes like Vesuvius had built upwards gradually.

Before the piece of work of Lyell, phenomena such as earthquakes were understood past the destruction that they brought. One of the contributions that Lyell made in Principles was to explain the cause of earthquakes.^[26] Lyell, in contrast focused on contempo earthquakes (150 yrs), evidenced by surface irregularities such equally faults, fissures, stratigraphic displacements and depressions.^[26]

Lyell'southward work on volcanoes focused largely on Vesuvius and Etna, both of which he had earlier studied. His conclusions supported gradual building of volcanoes, so-called "backed up-building",^{[half dozen]} as opposed to the upheaval statement supported by other geologists.

Stratigraphy and human history [edit]

Lyell was a key effigy in establishing the nomenclature of more contempo geological deposits, long known as the Third period. From May 1828, until February 1829, he travelled with Roderick Impey Murchison (1792–1871) to the s of France (Auvergne volcanic district) and to Italy.^{[half dozen] [eight] [27]} In these areas he concluded that the recent strata (rock layers) could exist categorised according to the number and proportion of marine shells encased inside. Based on this the third book of his Principles of Geology, published in 1833, proposed dividing the 3rd period into four parts, which he named the Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene, and Recent. In 1839, Lyell termed the Pleistocene epoch, distinguishing a more than recent fossil layer from the Pliocene.^[28] The Contempo epoch – renamed the Holocene by French paleontologist Paul Gervais in 1867 – included all deposits from the era subject to human observation. In recent years Lyell'southward subdivisions have been widely discussed in relation to debates almost the Anthropocene.

Glaciers [edit]

In Principles of Geology (first edition, vol. three, ch. 2, 1833)^[8] Lyell proposed that icebergs could exist the means of ship for erratics. During periods of global warming, ice breaks off the poles and floats across submerged continents, conveying debris with it, he conjectured. When the iceberg melts, it rains down sediments upon the state. Considering this theory could business relationship for the presence of diluvium, the discussion migrate became the preferred term for the loose, unsorted textile, today chosen till. Furthermore, Lyell believed that the aggregating of fine athwart particles covering much of the world (today chosen loess) was a deposit settled from mountain flood water.^[29] Today some of Lyell's mechanisms for geological processes have been disproven, though many have stood the exam of fourth dimension.^[7] His observational methods and general analytical framework remain in utilise today as foundational principles in geology.^[7]

Evolution [edit]

Lyell initially accepted the conventional view of other men of scientific discipline, that the fossil record indicated a directional geohistory in which species went extinct. Around 1826, when he was on circuit, he read Lamarck'southward Zoological Philosophy and on 2 March 1827 wrote to Mantell, expressing adoration, simply cautioning that he read it "rather as I hear an advocate on the wrong side, to know what can be made of the case in proficient easily".:^[thirty]

I devoured Lamarck... his theories delighted me... I am glad that he has been courageous enough and logical enough to admit that his argument, if pushed every bit far as it must go, if worth anything, would prove that men may accept come up from the Ourang-Outang. But after all, what changes species may actually undergo!... That the globe is quite every bit former as he supposes, has long been my creed...^[31]

He struggled with the implications for human being nobility, and later on in 1827 wrote private notes on Lamarck'south ideas. Lyell reconciled transmutation of species with natural theology past suggesting that it would be as much a "remarkable manifestation of creative Power" as creating each species separately. He countered Lamarck'due south views by rejecting continued cooling of the earth in favour of "a fluctuating bike", a long-term steady-state geohistory as proposed by James Hutton. The bitty fossil record already showed "a loftier grade of fishes, shut to reptiles" in the Carboniferous period which he called "the first Zoological era", and quadrupeds could also have existed and then. In November 1827, after William Broderip found a Centre Jurassic fossil of the early on mammal Didelphis, Lyell told his male parent that "There was everything only man even as far back as the Oolite."^[30] Lyell inaccurately portrayed Lamarckism as a response to the fossil record, and said it was falsified by a lack of progress. He said in the second volume of Principles that the occurrence of this one fossil of the higher mammalia "in these ancient strata, is as fatal to the theory of successive development, as if several hundreds had been discovered."^[32]

In the first edition of Principles, the showtime volume briefly set out Lyell's concept of a steady land with no real progression of fossils. The sole exception was the advent of humanity, with no great concrete distinction from animals, but with absolutely unique intellectual and moral qualities. The second volume dismissed Lamarck'due south claims of animal forms arising from habits, continuous spontaneous generation of new life, and homo having evolved from lower forms. Lyell explicitly rejected Lamarck's concept of transmutation of species, drawing on Cuvier's arguments, and concluded that species had been created with stable attributes. He discussed the geographical distribution of plants and animals, and proposed that every species of plant or animal was descended from a pair or individual, originated in response to differing external conditions. Species would regularly go extinct, in a "struggle for existence" between hybrids, or a "state of war 1 with some other" due to population force per unit area. He was vague about how replacement species formed, portraying this as an infrequent occurrence which could rarely be observed.^[33]

The leading man of science Sir John Herschel wrote from Cape Town on twenty February 1836, thanking Lyell for sending a copy of Principles and praising the volume as opening a way for assuming speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others" – by illustration with other intermediate causes, "the origination of fresh species, could it ever come under our cognizance, would be found to exist a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous procedure".^[34] Lyell replied: "In regard to the origination of new species, I am very glad to find that you lot think it likely that it may be carried on through the intervention of intermediate causes. I left this rather to be inferred, not thinking it worth while to offend a sure class of persons by embodying in words what would only be a speculation."^[35] Whewell later questioned this topic, and in March 1837 Lyell told him:^[twenty]

If I had stated... the possibility of the introduction or origination of fresh species beingness a natural, in contradistinction to a miraculous process, I should accept raised a host of prejudices against me, which are unfortunately opposed at every step to any philosopher who attempts to address the public on these mysterious subjects...^[36]

As a result of his letters and, no dubiety, personal conversations, Huxley and Haeckel were convinced that, at the time he wrote Principles, he believed new species had arisen by natural methods. Sedgwick wrote worried letters to him about this.^[37]

By the fourth dimension Darwin returned from the Beagle survey trek in 1836, he had begun to doubtfulness Lyell'southward ideas about the permanence of species. He continued to be a close personal friend, and Lyell was one of the kickoff scientists to support On the Origin of Species, though he did non subscribe to all its contents. Lyell was also a friend of Darwin'southward closest colleagues, Hooker and Huxley, but unlike them he struggled to square his religious beliefs with evolution. This inner struggle has been much commented on. He had detail difficulty in believing in natural pick as the main motive force in evolution.^{[38] [39] [40]}

Lyell and Hooker were instrumental in arranging the peaceful co-publication of the theory of natural pick by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858: each had arrived at the theory independently. Lyell's views on gradual alter and the ability of a long time scale were of import because Darwin thought that populations of an organism changed very slowly.

Although Lyell rejected evolution at the time of writing the Principles,^[41] after the Darwin–Wallace papers and the Origin Lyell wrote in one of his notebooks on iii May 1860:

Mr. Darwin has written a work which will establish an era in geology & natural history to prove that... the descendants of mutual parents may go in the form of ages so unlike each other as to be entitled to rank every bit a singled-out species, from each other or from some of their progenitors...^[42]

Lyell's acceptance of natural option, Darwin's proposed mechanism for evolution, was equivocal, and came in the tenth edition of Principles.^{[7] [43]} The Antiquity of Man (published in early February 1863, only before Huxley's Man's identify in nature) drew these comments from Darwin to Huxley: "I am fearfully disappointed at Lyell's excessive caution" and "The book is a mere 'digest'".^[44]

Quite potent remarks: no dubiety Darwin resented Lyell'southward repeated proffer that he owed a lot to Lamarck, whom he (Darwin) had ever specifically rejected. Darwin's daughter Henrietta (Etty) wrote to her begetter: "Is information technology off-white that Lyell always calls your theory a modification of Lamarck'southward?"^{[45] [46]}

In other respects Antiquity was a success. It sold well, and information technology "shattered the tacit agreement that mankind should be the sole preserve of theologians and historians".^[47] But when Lyell wrote that it remained a profound mystery how the huge gulf betwixt man and beast could exist bridged, Darwin wrote "Oh!" in the margin of his copy.^[21]

Legacy [edit]

California'southward Mount Lyell group

Places named later on Lyell:

• Lyell, New Zealand
• Lyell Butte, in the Grand Canyon
• Lyell Canyon in Yosemite National Park
• Lyell Fork, i of 2 large forks of the Tuolumne River
• Lyell Land (Greenland)
• Lyell Glacier
• Lyell Glacier, South Georgia
• Mount Lyell (California)
• Mountain Lyell (Canada)
• Mount Lyell (Tasmania)
• Lyell Artery (Rochester, NY)

Bibliography [edit]

Principles of Geology [edit]

Online beginning edition [edit]

• Principles of geology, being an endeavour to explicate the former changes of the globe's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. 1830.
• Principles of geology, being an try to explain the sometime changes of the world's surface, by reference to causes at present in functioning. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. 1832.
• Principles of geology, being an try to explain the one-time changes of the earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. Vol. 3. London: John Murray. 1833.

Details of publication [edit]

• Principles of Geology 1st edition, 1st vol. Jan. 1830 (John Murray, London).
• Principles of Geology 1st edition, 2d vol. Jan. 1832
• Principles of Geology 1st edition, tertiary vol. May 1833
• Principles of Geology 2nd edition, 1st vol. 1832
• Principles of Geology second edition, 2nd vol. Jan. 1833
• Principles of Geology 3rd edition, 4 vols. May 1834
• Principles of Geology 4th edition, 4 vols. June 1835
• Principles of Geology 5th edition, 4 vols. March 1837
• Principles of Geology sixth edition, 3 vols. June 1840
• Principles of Geology 7th edition, one vol. Feb. 1847
• Principles of Geology 8th edition, 1 vol. May 1850
• Principles of Geology 9th edition, i vol. June 1853
• Principles of Geology tenth edition, 1866–68
• Principles of Geology 11th edition, two vols. 1872
• Principles of Geology 12th edition, ii vols. 1875 (published posthumously)

Elements of Geology [edit]

• Elements of Geology ane vol. 1st edition, July 1838 (John Murray, London)
• Elements of Geology 2 vols. 2nd edition, July 1841
• Elements of Geology (Transmission of Elementary Geology) 1 vol. 3rd edition, Jan. 1851
• Elements of Geology (Manual of Simple Geology) 1 vol. 4th edition, Jan. 1852
• Elements of Geology (Transmission of Unproblematic Geology) 1 vol. fifth edition, 1855
• Elements of Geology sixth edition, 1865
• Elements of Geology, The Educatee's Series, 1871

Travels in N America [edit]

• Lyell, C. (1845). Travels in North America. Vol. one. London: John Murray.
• Lyell, C. (1845). Travels in N America. Vol. 2. London: John Murray.
• Lyell, C. (1849). A 2d Visit to the Usa of North America. Vol. ane. London: John Murray. ^[48]
• Lyell, C. (1849). A Second Visit to the United States of North America. Vol. two. London: John Murray. ^[48]

Antiquity of Man [edit]

Geological evidences of the antiquity of human being, 1863

• Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man. i vol. 1st edition, February. 1863 (John Murray, London)
• Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man 1 vol. 2nd edition, April 1863
• Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man 1 vol. 3rd edition, Nov. 1863
• Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man 1 vol. 4th edition, May 1873

Life, Letters, and Journals [edit]

• Lyell, Katharine Murray, ed. (1881). Life, Messages, and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell. Vol. one. London: John Murray. ^[49]
• Lyell, Katharine Murray, ed. (1881). Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. ^[49]

Further reading [edit]

• Time's Pointer, Time's Cycle (1978), a book by Stephen Jay Gould that reassesses Lyell'south piece of work
• Worlds Before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform (2008), a major overview of Lyell'south work in its scientific context past Martin J. South. Rudwick
• Principles of Geology: Penguin Classics (1997), the cardinal chapters of Lyell'south most famous work with an introduction by James A. Secord

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Cannon (1961), pp. 301–314.
2. ^ McPhee 1982.
3. ^ Crutzen, Paul. "The 'Anthropocene'" (PDF) . Retrieved sixteen May 2019.
4. ^ Rudwick (2014).
5. ^ Darwin, Charles. "On the Origin of Species". Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online. John Murray. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Bailey (1962).
7. ^ ^{a b c d east f g} Wilson 1973.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} MaComber 1997.
9. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org . Retrieved 12 April 2021.
10. ^ "Charles Lyell". Westminster Abbey . Retrieved viii September 2018.
11. ^ Hall 1966, p. 53.
12. ^ "No. 20905". The London Gazette. 13 October 1848. p. 3692.
13. ^ "No. 22878". The London Gazette. 22 July 1864. p. 3665.
14. ^ Russell, Steph (2011). "Lyell". theprow.org.nz . Retrieved 8 September 2018.
15. ^ White (1958), pp. 99–105.
16. ^ Darwin, F. (1887). Life and letters of Charles Darwin. Vol. Two. London. p. xc.
17. ^ Darwin, F; Seward, A.C. (1903). More letters of Charles Darwin. Vol. II. London. p. 232.
18. ^ Thanukos 2012.
19. ^ Mathieson, Elizabeth Lincoln (thirteen May 2002). "The Nowadays is the Key to the Past is the Central to the Time to come". The Geological Guild of America. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
20. ^ ^{a b} Judd (1910).
21. ^ ^{a b} Bynum (1984), pp. 153–187.
22. ^ Smalley, Gaudenyi & Jovanovic (2015), pp. 45–50.
23. ^ Galilei, Galileo (2001). Stephen Jay Gould (ed.). Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems. New York: Modernistic Science Library. pp. 9–x.
24. ^ Porter 1976, p. 91.
25. ^ Whewell, William 1837. History of the Inductive Sciences, vol. IV of the Historical and Philosophical Works of William Whewell. Chapter VIII The 2 antagonistic doctrines of geology. [reprint of 3rd edition of 1857, publ. Cass 1967].
26. ^ ^{a b} Adams (1938).
27. ^ Stafford (1989).
28. ^ Lyell, Charles (1839). Nouveaux éléments de géologie (in French). Paris, France: Pitois-Levranet. p. 621.
29. ^ Lyell, Charles (1881). "XXIV". Life, Messages and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell. John Murray. p. 110.
    You hint at icebergs and northern waves. The former has no doubt had its influence, and when icebergs turn over, or fall to pieces, huge waves are caused not but from the north. Just information technology has always seemed to me that much more than influence ought to exist attributed to uncomplicated denudation where beds of loose sand, gravel, or mud were upheaved, and sometimes alternately depressed and upraised in an open up sea. The exposure of such destructible materials must have led to the confusion you allude to, just much less so where the beds were protected in fiords, &c. The cleaved fossils establish in these strata would agree with my denudation hypothesis, which I think strengthened past the frequent regular re-stratification of the beds containing the deep and shallow water species.
30. ^ ^{a b} Rudwick (2010), pp. 244–250.
31. ^ Lyell Yard. 1881. The life and letters of Sir Charles Lyell. ii vols, London. vol. one p. 168
32. ^ Ruse 1999, p. 76.
33. ^ Ruse 1999, pp. 75–77.
34. ^ Babbage 1838, pp. 225–227.
35. ^ Ruse 1999, p. 84.
36. ^ Lyell to William Whewell, 7 March 1837. In Lyell Yard. 1881. The life and letters of Sir Charles Lyell. 2 vols, London. vol. two p. 5
37. ^ Judd (1910), pp. 83–86, Ch. 8.
38. ^ Bowler (2003), pp. 129–134, 149–150, 215.
39. ^ Mayr (1982), pp. 375–381, 404–408.
40. ^ Bartholomew (1973), pp. 261–303.
41. ^ Lyell (1832), pp. 20–21.
42. ^ Wilson (1970), p. 407.
43. ^ Desmond (1982), p. 179: "Fifty-fifty Charles Lyell agreed... that 'natural selection was a force quite subordinate to that variety-making or creative power to which all the wonders of the organic world must be referred.' "
44. ^ Burkhardt F. and Smith South. 1982–present. The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Cambridge, vol. 11, pp. 173, 181.
45. ^ Burkhardt F. and Smith S. 1982–present. The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Cambridge, vol. xi, p. 223.
46. ^ Browne (2003), p. 219.
47. ^ Browne (2003), p. 218.
48. ^ ^{a b} "Review of A Second Visit to the United states of america of N America, in the Years 1845-six by Sir Charles Lyell". The Quarterly Review. 85: 183–224. June 1849.
49. ^ ^{a b} "Review of Life, Letters, and Journals by Sir Charles Lyell, Bart. ed. by his Sister-in-Police, Mrs. Lyell". The Quarterly Review. 153: 96–131. January 1882.

References [edit]

• Adams, Frank Dawson (1938). The birth and evolution of the geological sciences. Baltimore: The Williams And Wilkins Company.
• Babbage, Charles (1838). The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise (2nd ed.). London: John Murray.
• Bailey, Sir Edward (1962). Charles Lyell. London: Thomas Nelson.
• Bartholomew, Chiliad. (1973). "Lyell and development: an account of Lyell's response to the prospect of an evolutionary beginnings for man". The British Journal for the History of Science. 6 (3): 261–303. doi:10.1017/S0007087400016265. JSTOR 4025445. PMID 11615533.
• Bowler, P.J. (2003). Evolution: the history of an idea (3rd ed.). Academy of California Press. p. 129. ISBN0-520-23693-9.
• Browne, E. Janet (2003). Charles Darwin: A Biography. Vol. two: The power of place. Princeton Academy Press. ISBN0-691-11439-0.
• Bynum, W.F. (1984). "Charles Lyell'due south Artifact of Man and its critics". J Hist Biol. 17 (ii): 153–187. doi:10.1007/BF00143731. JSTOR 4330890. S2CID 84588890.
• Cannon, Walter F. (27 June 1961). "The Bear upon of Uniformitarianism: Two Messages from John Herschel to Charles Lyell, 1836-1837". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. American Philosophical Society. 105 (iii): 301–314. JSTOR 985457.
• Desmond, A. (1982). Archetypes and Ancestors: palaeontology in Victorian London\publisher= Blond & Briggs. London.
• Hall, Alfred Rupert (1966). The Abbey Scientists. R. & R. Nicholson.
• Hestmark, Geir (2012). "The meaning of 'metamorphic' – Charles & Mary Lyell in Norway, 1837". Norwegian Journal of Geology. 91: 247–275.
• Judd, John Wesley (1910). The Coming of Evolution: The Story of a Great Revolution in Scientific discipline. Cambridge: The Academy Printing.
• MaComber, Richard W. (1997). "Lyell, Sir Charles, Baronet". The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
• Mayr, E. (1982). The growth of biological thought. Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-36446-5.
• McPhee, John (1982). Basin and Range. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN978-0-374-70856-half dozen.
• Porter, Roy S. (July 1976). "Charles Lyell and the Principles of the History of Geology". The British Journal for the History of Scientific discipline. 32 (two): 91–103. doi:10.1017/s0007087400014692. JSTOR 4025798. S2CID 146595131.
• Ruse, Michael (fifteen Oct 1999). The Darwinian Revolution: Science Cerise in Tooth and Claw . University of Chicago Press. p. 88. ISBN978-0-226-73169-viii.
• Rudwick, Martin J. South. (2010). Worlds Before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform. University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-73130-8.
• Rudwick, Martin J. Due south. (2014). Earth's Deep History: How It Was Discovered and Why It Matters. University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-20409-iii.
• Smalley, Ian; Gaudenyi, Tivadar; Jovanovic, Mladen (2015). "Charles Lyell and the loess deposits of the Rhine valley". Fourth International. 372: 45–50. Bibcode:2015QuInt.372...45S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.047. ISSN 1040-6182.
• Stafford, Robert A. (1989). Scientist of Empire. Cambridge: University Printing.
• Taub, Liba (1993). "Evolutionary Ideas and "Empirical" Methods: The Analogy Betwixt Language and Species in the Works of Lyell and Schleicher". British Periodical for the History of Science. 26: 171–193. doi:10.1017/s0007087400030740. S2CID 144553417.
• Thanukos, Anna (2012). "Uniformitarianism: Charles Lyell". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
• Lyell, Sir Charles (1970). Wilson, Leonard One thousand (ed.). Sir Charles Lyell'south Scientific Journals on the Species Question. Yale Academy Press. ISBN978-0-300-01231-half-dozen.
• White, Errol I. (May 1958). "On Cephalaspis lyelli Agassiz". Palaeontology. The Palaeontological Association. i: 99–105.
• Wilson, Leonard G. (1973). "Charles Lyell". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. VIII. Pennsylvania: Charles Scribner'southward Sons.

Prototype source

• Portraits of Honorary Members of the Ipswich Museum (Portfolio of sixty lithographs by T.H. Maguire) (George Ransome, Ipswich 1846–1852)

External links [edit]

Baronetage of the United Kingdom
New creation	Baronet (of Kinnordy) 1864–1875	Extinct

Charles Lyell Contribution To Evolution,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell

Posted by: emersonwaallovar.blogspot.com

Share this post